Insulin - The hormonal secret of the processor, plays an important role, ensuring the constant of blood sugar. Diabetes are the result of this hormone deficiency. Complications caused by disease often lead to death. The basic principles of diabetes treatment are strictly adhering to the diet, taking medication or insulin injection, monitoring blood glucose levels, observing your body so as not to miss the first signs of complications.
Pathogens of the diseaseDiabetes is a persistent violation of the synthesis of hormone insulin and its interaction with tissues in the body.
Sugar treatment insulin is given to glucose and transmitted through cell membranes. Therefore, hormones reduce blood sugar levels and provide nutritious cells. Insulin deficiency with weak tissue sensitivity leads to the fact that glucose does not participate in metabolism and continues to circulate through the body. The biology of not only is the metabolism of carbohydrates lost, but also fat, protein, salt water.
The increase in sugar increases the amount of lipid number in the blood, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. Glucose converts to glycogen slows down and the body starts to use fat as resources. Ketone's fatty acids seem to hurt the central nervous system.
Causes and presentInsulin production is disturbed by damage to synthesize beta cells. The main risk factor for diabetes is genetic, significantly enhancing the effects of other factors. The probability of getting sick increases with age. Causes of diabetes:
The failure of the immune system. Stimulate the attack of cells by pancreatic glands with protective proteins.
Obesity. Reducing the reaction of receptors for hormones due to excess of adipose tissue (the cause of diabetes).
Pancreatic disease. Call the death of cells that secrete hormones (pancreatitis, cancer).
Virus infection (chickenpox germ, rubella, flu).
Nervous tension.
The disease exists in the role of independent pathology and is a temporary symptom. Causes of diabetes may be the result of the errors of the work of the endocrinology (hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma). The symptoms of glucose are detected during pregnancy (including the use of IVF) called gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs as a side effect of prolonging some drugs (glucocorticoids, estrogen, mental medicine), when exposed to toxic substances.
Hyperglycemia indicates diabetes with insulin errors, the appearance of symptoms of sugar.
Types of diabeticsDiabetes is a violation of carbohydrates and metabolizes water in the body.
The WHO classification identifies two leading types of diseases: insulin dependent (type I) and the opposite type -diabetes dependent insulin (type II). They differ in reason for the appearance and detail of pathology, the nature of the course, with their own treatment characteristics, but the consequences are dangerous.
Insulin dependent diabetes (adolescents) is due to the body's autoimmune aggression. The endocrine beta cells are not able to produce insulin with essential doses, which need continuous management from the outside. Those under 30 years old, thin. The disease started suddenly, quickly progressed and had a serious course.
Insulinone -belonging. The cause of diabetes of this type is genetic and obesity. Insulin can be produced in sufficient quantities, but cells are not sensitive to it. This is due to excess of nutrients. Patients with diabetes over 40, have a complete physique. Diabetes suffered gradually developing, conducting stability. Most patients have this disease.
Serious levelThe severity of the development of diabetes in the Glycemia stage, glucos, the degree of dysfunction of the target organs, the presence of identified complications, showing the body's ability to compensate. There are 4 serious degrees. If diabetes go to mild, treatment and nutrition are selected correctly. The degree of diabetes and symptoms is described in the table.
DegreeBlood sugar, mmol/lReading urineSymptom
1 (Light)
No more than 7
Protein is normal, the urinary glucos does not have
Absent
2 (middle)
7-10
Glucose up to 40 g/l; Ketosis and ketoacidosis periodically appear
Heart activity, visual apparatus, nervous system, manifestation of neurological disease
3rd (heavy)
10-14
The urinary glucos lasts 40 g/l, lots of protein, ketone body
Enhancing effects for organs, reduced vision, pain and numbness in the legs, hypertension
4 (Superpolate)
15-25
More than 50 g/l glucose, strong proteinuria and ketoacidosis
The strong failure of all organs, kidney failure, coma with diabetes, ruining, and leg ulcers
The typical symptoms of diabetesThe clinical signs of the disease in most cases are characterized by a gradual course.
Diabetes in adults may not immediately declare that it leads to the development of complications. Type I diabetes is growing rapidly with Glycemia and coma. The intensity of the symptoms of diabetes is related to the deficiency of insulin products, the individual's body. You need to undergo a test to determine the level of blood sugar, if one of the symptoms appears:
an abnormal feeling of dry mouth;
unable to extinguish thirst;
Increased diuretic - The increase in urine is displayed;
fast weight loss or weight gain;
Itching and dry skin;
reduce skin sensitivity on the foot;
paralysis, tingling in the legs and arms;
convulsions, severity of the leg;
Pus skin process caused by slow skin regeneration;
low resistance to infection;
constant hunger feel;
vague vision;
hypertension;
swelling of the face and legs;
Headache, fainting;
Acetone smell of the body;
darkness of consciousness;
Pseudo -Peritritin (fake "sharp stomach").
Consequences of glycemiaDiabetes is an implicit disease. Excess blood sugar is harmful to blood vessels, causing wall damage. Excess glucose is converted into fat deposits. This leads to obesity and fatty liver (accumulating lipids in liver cells). Glucose causes glycol chemical protein. The oxidation process can cause weakened protein activity and the occurrence of toxic by products. Protein is faulty causing disorders in the structure of the organs. The accumulation of toxins and ketone causes damage to the patient's nervous system, up to the disorders in the mind and coma. Excessive blood cholesterol deposits on the artery walls in damaged areas and forming atherosclerosis patches, contributing to the blood vessel diseases of the eyes, foot of the leg and other organs.
The level of excess glucose level in the blood determines the complexity of the disease.
Risk of complicationsComplicated diabetes brings the risk of a person's life, so it is very important to identify the disease during time and start treatment. The disease is serious for 10-15 years. Complications appear quickly and not easy to deal with them. Acute complications for primary diabetes (hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia) are caused by strong oscillation in blood sugar. A list of countries that complicate diabetes:
Hypoglycemia - The sharp decline of glucose below 3 mmol/l can lead to coma hypoglycemia.
Hyperglycemia - Lifting sugar indicators above 6 mmol/l ends with coma with hyperglycemia.
Ketoacidosis - damage to nerve cells with Ketone's body, causing someone.
Neuropathy - damage to the peripheral nerves.
Diabetes feet, trophic ulcers and the terms of the lower limbs are caused by vascular disease and neuropathy.
Kidney disease - damage to the small capillaries of the kidneys, breaking the activity of the urinary system.
Retinal disease - thinning the blood vessel walls of the retina.
Myocardial disease - Disorders in myocardial.
Brain disease in brain vessels.
DiagnoseDiagnosis of diabetes determines the type of disease, severity, and presence of damage to internal organs. Studies can be conducted several times to assess the progression of the disease and the effects of treatment. Standard standard for diabetes are typical signs of diabetes and glucose lifting level. To confirm the diagnosis and testing of urine and blood, the tools have been conducted:
Glucose indications on the empty stomach;
Blood sugar records (daily vibration);
Blood at insulin levels;
A study of glucose tolerance, empty stomach ratio and after carbohydrate consumption;
Analysis for hemoglobin glycolized;
biochemical blood;
Urine analysis in general detect glucose, protein;
Electrolytic blood tests;
Acetone indicators in urine;
Check eye view;
Rebellious tests for kidney damage;
Abdominal ultrasound;
Cardiogram to check the function of the heart;
Endoscopy, endoscopy of lower limbs determine the degree of defects in the circuits.
In healthy people, blood glucose levels are in the range of 3, 3-5, 5 mmol/l.
Treatment of diseaseIn the presence of suspicion of diabetes, this diagnosis must be confirmed or rejected.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that needs to be treated for life.
Principles of treating diabetes - Sugar control in blood glucometer and prevent complications on how to observe diet and medication.
An endocrinologist can treat the disease, cardiologist, neurologist, an ophthalmologist, a blood vessel surgeon.
Modern treatment - medicine, diet, physical education - slowing the progression of the disease.
DrugsThe doctor chose the drug, with the disease. Type 1 diabetes only need to be treated with insulin, type 2 diabetes can be treated with sugar. Tablets operate on the pancreas, increasing the sensitivity of peripherals. Such drugs are used:
Sulfanilamides.
Biguanides.
Prepare insulin of short and prolonged action. Simple insulin is used 3-5 times a day and insulin is up to 2 doses. Perhaps combining drug use.
Diet with diabetesTreatment of diabetes certainly includes a diet with the selection of calories, excluding carbohydrates easy to digest and sweets. Diabetes requires fraction power. At the same time, the proportion of nutrients is still close to physiology. Sugar is replaced by xylitol or sorbitol. In the middle and serious form of the disease, the diet No. 9 is recommended. It is allowed to eat vegetable soup, fish and low -fat meat, yogurt and cheese products, grains (buckwheat, barley oatmeal), fruit, sweet berries and sour taste. You can never eat sdoba, sweets, fat food, semolina rice, pasta, grapes, salty, marinated vegetables.
PreventThe appearance of type 1 is not always affected, as it can cause viral pathogens. The reason for the development of type 2 diabetes is considered an unhealthy lifestyle, especially in people with a prerequisite for genetics. Preventive measures if the sugar is diagnosed: Nutrition is suitable for small parts with minimal carbohydrates easy to digest and fat, maintain optimal body weight. Hypertension is also performed with control of the number of blood pressure. Periodically, you need to donate blood for glucose content and lipid blood number. Moderate physical activity will help keep the body in the melody.
